Convertible

Convertible (also called cabriolet, drophead, spider, or roadster depending on regional and historical preferences) is a car with a fully retractable roof. The roof can be soft (fabric or vinyl) or hard (composite or aluminum) and folds or retracts to expose the entire passenger compartment to open air. Modern convertibles have power-retracting tops that operate while parked or sometimes at low speeds.

Convertibles span the entire automotive market from economy cars (Mazda Miata, Ford Mustang convertible) through luxury (Mercedes SL, BMW M4 convertible) to supercars (Ferrari Spider variants, McLaren Spider variants, Aston Martin Volante). The roadster term traditionally implies two seats and a sport-focused mission; cabriolet implies four seats and a luxury or grand-touring focus. In practice, the terms are often used interchangeably.

Convertible designs face engineering challenges. Without a fixed roof, the body structure must be reinforced to maintain rigidity (typically through cross-bracing, side sill reinforcement, and structural floor pan upgrades). The result is heavier vehicles compared to coupe equivalents. Modern convertibles have largely solved the structural issues; the weight penalty over a coupe is typically 100-300 pounds. The rear visibility and storage trunk volume are typically reduced compared to coupe equivalents.